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HLTINF006 - Apply basic principles and practices of infection prevention and control
Identify standards and guidelines relevant to own role and work setting.
1. Briefly describe the work setting that can be used for infection prevention and control.
(Reference https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/infection-prevention-andcontrol/australian-guidelines-prevention-and-control-infection-healthcare )
In the effective healthcare setting control focus and infection prevention helps to maintain hygiene and cleanliness in the areas of patient care, diagnostic labs, and surgical rooms and using standards for the hygiene of hands, environmental cleaning for preventing the respective infections, PPE, and ensuring the safety of the patient (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2024).
As a support worker/ health care staff, list at least ten procedures that you are expected to do as per the Australian national standards and guidelines for prevention and control of infection in health care for your role and responsibilities in relation to infection control?
(Reference https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/infection-prevention-andcontrol/australian-guidelines-prevention-and-control-infection-healthcare )
The ten procedures are as follows:
● Following practices of safe injection.
● Performing hand hygiene regularly.
● Using PPE (personal protective equipment).
● Disinfecting and cleaning surfaces (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2024).
● Managing linen very safely.
● Adhering to hygiene respiratory.
● Sterilizing equipment.
● Isolating the infected patients.
● Disposing of the wastage properly.
● Reporting the various infections promptly (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2024).
Identify infection risks and hazards associated with own role and work setting.
1. Explain bacteria and their role in infection.
Bacteria are significant microorganisms that cause infections only by producing toxins, triggering some immune responses, and invading tissues (Alhumaid et al. 2021).
2. What is the difference between harmless microorganisms and pathogens?
Harmless microorganisms mainly support normal health and body functions, on the other hand, pathogens are very harmful, and cause many diseases by damaging and invading tissues, triggering immune or producing toxins responses.
3. How do fungi cause infection?
Fungi mainly cause infection by multiplying and invading tissues, which often leads to damage and inflammation, in immunocompromised individuals (Alhumaid et al. 2021).
4. Explain Parasites and their role in causing disease with two examples.
Parasites mainly cause disease by effectively living off the host that is harming the process. Some examples include plasmodium which causes malaria, one more example is Giardia which causes giardiasis which leads to many symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress and fever (Alhumaid et al. 2021).
5. Explain how viruses cause infections.
Viruses mainly cause infections by effectively invading host cells by using the machinery for replicating and also disrupting cellular functions which leads to tissue damage and disease symptoms
6. What is ‘colonisation’?
Colonization is the growth and presence of microorganisms on or in a host without causing symptoms or infection (Ahmad & Alfouzan, 2021).
7. Explain how infection / disease occur.
Infection mainly occurs at the time when pathogens effectively invade the body, and the immune system evades and multiplies which causes triggering symptoms or any diseases and tissue damage.
8. How is illness and disease passed on unknowingly?
The spreading of illness and disease occurs by asymptomatic carriers, airborne droplets, and contaminated surfaces from sneezes and coughs.
9. Explain the term ‘infectious agent’ and provide three examples.
An infectious agent is a microorganism that causes many diseases. Some of the examples mainly include bacteria such as E. coli, and viruses such as influenza, one more example is fungi such as candida albicans (Ahmad & Alfouzan, 2021).
10. Briefly explain the chain of Infection.
The infection chain mainly includes reservoir, infectious agent, transmission mode, portal of exit, susceptible host, and portal of entry.
11. What does the term ‘reservoir’ mean?
An effective reservoir is any animal, person, or environment that supports and harbors the infectious agent's growth (Ahmad & Alfouzan, 2021).
12. Provide examples of disease conditions related to these reservoirs:
a. People animals and birds
People: Tuberculosis, Influenza.
Animals: Lyme disease, Rabies
Birds: Psittacosis and Avian Influenza
b. Blood and bodily fluids
Blood: Hepatitis B and C, and AIDS/HIV
Bodily fluids: Ebola virus and Norovirus
c. Food, water and soil
Food: Listeria and Salmonella
Water: Giardia and Cholera
Soil: Histoplasmosis and Tetanus
d. Waste
Waste: E. coli and Hepatitis
e. Vectors such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks
Mosquitoes: Malaria
Fleas: Bubonic Plague
Ticks: Lyme Disease
13. Explain the term ‘portal of exit’ and provide three examples.
The “portal of exit” is the effective pathway by which infectious agents leave the host. Additionally, examples mainly include blood-like wounds, gastrointestinal secretions like diarrhea or vomit, and respiratory droplets like coughing (Haque et al. 2020).
14. Explain the term ‘transmission/ portal of entry.
‘Transmission’ is how pathogens move from one host to another host. The ‘portal of entry’ is the channel or point through which pathogens gain access into a new host body for instance through the respiratory system, through damaged skin or mucous membranes. Infection prevention and control is therefore trying to stop this transmission chain
15. Explain your understanding of direct contact transmission with examples.
In “direct contact transmission” infectious agents spread from an ill person and a susceptive person through touch. They include contact with objects that have had contact with infected persons, sexual contact, or contact with the particles produced by an infected person’s body (Haque et al. 2020). Flu or scabies are examples of diseases that are passed from one person to another that underlines the need for antiseptic habits.
16. Explain your understanding of ‘indirect contact’ transmission with examples.
” Indirect contact” transmission is the mode through which pathogens spread via contaminated objects. For instance, touching a doorknob, utensils shared or any equipment that has been touched by the affected person transmits infection from a virus such as norovirus or bacteria like MRSA (Haque et al. 2020).
17. Explain the term ‘susceptible host and list five groups of people who may be at higher risk of infection?
“Susceptible host” refers to the host that is vulnerable to being infected with a pathogen due to some reasons making his/her immunity low. This population comprises aging people, children below the age of two, pregnant women, people with weak immune systems such as AIDS patients, and people with ailments such as diabetes or cancer (Lee et al. 2020).
18. Provide an example of how infections can be caused by penetrating injuries.
Penetrating injuries which are injuries caused by a needle or any other sharp item that can implant the pathogens into the human body and can lead to infections like tetanus or hepatitis if they are not treated.
19. Degree of exposure to pathogens increases the risk of infection.
True/ false
True
20. Breaking the chain of infection at any stage can stop infection from spreading to others, example not attending work when ill.
True/ False
True
Identify roles and responsibilities of self and others in relation to infection prevention and control.
1. Identify the roles and responsibilities of the following staffs in relation to infection control.
A. Supervisor
● Oversee practices of infection control: This ensures compliance of staff with protocols.
● Providing training: educates staff on the procedures of infection prevention (Lee et al. 2020).
● Monitoring adherence: reviewing regularly and enforcing policies of infection control.
B. Nursing and Medical staff
● Implementing protocols: following procedures of infection control for patient care.
● Maintaining hygiene: practicing proper hygiene and using PPE.
● Educating patients: informing patients about prevention of infection.
C. Housekeeping staff
● Cleaning: performing cleaning regularly and premises of disinfection.
● Managing waste: disposing wastage following the guidelines.
● Maintaining supplies: ensuring cleaning agents availability and PPE.
D. Kitchen Staff
● Maintaining hygiene: following strict practices of hygiene in food preparation.
● Sanitizing: cleaning regularly and disinfecting the kitchen utensils and surfaces.
● Monitoring storage: ensuring proper storage and food items handling (Lee et al. 2020).
Identify control measures to minimise risk in accordance with relevant national standards and guidelines.
1. List five points that are important to minimise risk and prevention and control of infection in the work place.
Some points that are significant to minimize risk, control and prevention of infection within workplace are:
● Regularly washing hands.
● Correctly using PPE.
● Disinfecting and cleaning surfaces (Dalton et al. 2020).
● Disposing waste properly.
● Following protocols of food hygiene.
Communicate effectively with others in relation to risk management.
1. As a class activity discuss and list seven skills related to communicating effectively with others in relation to risk management.
Example during hand over session with staff and while providing client services.
Skills related to communicating:
● Active Listening
● Clear Information
● Empathy
● Assertiveness
● Feedback
● Resolution of conflict
● Non-verbal Communication
Record identified risks and risk management strategies within scope of own role.
1. As a class activity identify and record three infection risks/ hazards and risk management strategy. Record the information as part of Activity 3B question 1,2, 3.
Performed on
Three infection risks/hazards
Risk /hazard 1: Touching any contaminated feelings’ surface or use of any contaminated piece of equipment (Dalton et al. 2020).
Risk/Hazard 2: Mobility and transport of sharps such as needles, broken glass and the lancets.
Risk/Hazard 3: Touching pathogenic secretions such as blood, vomit and the urine.
Risk Management Strategies
Risk/Hazard 1: Contaminated Surfaces and Equipment
Risk Management Strategy: Disinfection
Risk/Hazard 2: Handling Sharps (e.g., needles, broken glass)
Risk Management Strategy: Containment
Risk/Hazard 3: Contact with Pathogenic Secretions (e.g., blood, vomit)
Risk Management Strategy: Protection
Implement personal hygiene practices in the work setting.
1.Why is it important to wear clean clothing and uniforms when starting a work shift or if your clothing becomes contaminated?
Wearing clean uniforms and clothing prevents the pathogens from spreading and maintains professional appearance and also protects clients and staff from the effective contamination (Dalton et al. 2020).
2. Outline the practices of respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette.
Respiratory Hygiene and Cough Etiquette Practices:
● Cover Coughs and Sneezes: Put the hand either on a tissue or on the curve of the elbow to cover the mouth and the nose to avoid emitting droplets.
● Dispose Properly: After use, throw the tissue in a waste paper basket that is appropriately covered, and then wash the hands.
● Hand Hygiene: Use soap and washing water or an alcohol -based hand rub after handling money, touching surfaces which may have viruses or after sneezing or coughing (Seidelman, Mantyh & Anderson, 2023).
● Avoid Close Contact: Stay away from people especially if one is sick and does not touch the face, particularly eyes, nose, and mouth.
Practice hand hygiene in accordance with national standards and guidelines.
1. Refer to the Leaner’s Guide (Website https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/publications-andresources/resource-library/national-hand-hygiene-initiative-implementation-guide National Hand Hygiene Initiative Implementation Guide) and video related to correct hand washing technique and answer the following:
A. Describe the procedure of hand washing.
Wet the hands, and then apply soap for 20 seconds, scrub in the surfaces, rinse properly under the water, and dry it with a clean towel or any air dryer (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2024
B. Describe the procedure to hand rub using an alcohol-based rub.
Rub a sufficient quantity of alcohol based rub on the palms until they are dry for both hands and cover the fingertips, especially the area between the fingers.
C. When should hand hygiene be performed with soap and water rather than alcohol- based rubs?
Soap and water must be used when the hands are obviously dirty, got in contact with blood or body fluids, or dealing with certain chemicals and infectious agents (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2024).
2. Why is non-intact skin an issue and what should you do if you have a cut or abrasion?
Any non-intact or break in skin surface is a point of access to pathogens hence heightened chance of an individual developing an infection. Any open wound should be covered with a waterproof plaster and good hand hygiene should be observed before/after contact (Seidelman, Mantyh & Anderson, 2023).
3. Outline best practice infection control guidelines for fingernails.
Best Practices:
● Keep nails short and clean that makes difficult for bacteria to grow on the nails
● Do not use acrylic nails and shiny varnish, as they retain bacteria on the nails.
● Undernails should be cleaned often so as not to harbor various contaminants (Seidelman, Mantyh & Anderson, 2023).
4. Explain infection control guidelines relevant to jewellery and watches.
Avoid wearing rings, bangles, bracelets or watches to and from duty and during patient handling to avoid transferring the pathogens and facilitate washing of hands.
5. List five moments of hand hygiene.
Five moments of hand hygiene:
● Before and after interactions with the patients.
● Before preparing for consumption or giving medication (Lynch et al. 2021).
● After using the restroom.
● This is indicated when contacting spots of reproductive organs that are believed to be in contact with common sources of infection.
● Before and after cleaning the wound or after putting a fresh dressing on it (Peiffer-Smadja et al. 2020).
Follow current national standards and guidelines for selection and correct use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) as required.
1. If you need to wear gloves, what procedures do you need to follow in regards to hand hygiene?
Procedures for handling hygiene:
● Washing hands before putting on the gloves and after removing it.
● Before usage of gloves, first rinse the hand with soap and running water or use alcohol base hand wash (Lynch et al. 2021).
● Avoid touching objects with gloves or personal belongings of other people.
● Remove gloves if they are in any way dirty, ripped, or torn since they can themselves be a source of contamination, and put on new ones.
2. Describe a workplace circumstance in which the PPE would be used:
A. Gloves:
Gloves: Put on while handling patients to reduce the chance of contracting and spreading pathogens when for instance needle and blood samples are being collected or when a wound is being dressed (Lynch et al. 2021).
B. Gowns and waterproof aprons:
Gowns and waterproof aprons: These are worn during operations that may be associated with splashing for instance operations, or during handling of the body fluids when some of them splash the clothes and skin stained (Hanson et al. 2020).
C. Wearing masks:
Wearing masks: Suitable for operations which may come in contact with aerosols or procedures in contact with infected patients to avoid splatter or droplets (Voidazan et al. 2020).
D. Wearing protective eyewear and face shields:
Wearing protective eyewear and face shields: Used in the course of operations where probability of splashing of body fluids, operation or cleaning is high, as protection for eyes and face from splashes or particles.
3. Explain the technique and sequences for applying, fitting and removing PPE also include your understanding of preventing contamination while applying, wearing and removing PPE.
1. Applying PPE:
● Gloves: Thorough washing of hands then putting on gloves without even contacting any non sterile surfaces.
● Gown: Wash hand, wear the gown, fix the ties securely and make sure the gown touches the body.
● Mask: wash hands, put mask round the mouth/ nose, fasten with loops or ties if any (Voidazan et al. 2020).
● Eyewear/Face Shield: Wash hands, put on glasses/mask to cover the eyes and face.
2. Fitting PPE:
● Gloves: Make sure that it is tightly fitted, inspect for rips.
● Gown: Secure, also put over the wrists and the entire body.
● Mask: Tighten snug fit and ensure no gaps present.
● Eyewear/Face Shield: Always make a little alteration about the comfort and the coverage (Voidazan et al. 2020).
3. Removing PPE:
● Gloves: Layer off, dispose, remove immediately.
● Gown: Pick, untie, turn inside out and get rid of.
● Mask: Extinguish by loops/ties, then dispose of.
● Eyewear/Face Shield: Slides off by straps, clean or throw away.
Preventing Contamination:
● Applying: Wash the hands and do not touch the face or anything around.
● Wearing: Avoid contact with the PPE, maintain the skin’s cleanliness.
● Removing: Do not touch the contaminated object, wash hands (Tomczyk et al. 2022).
Follow procedures for environmental cleaning and management of waste.
1. Explain the importance of the management of soiled and clean linen and laundering of clothing.
Managing the soiled and the clean linen is important because they can transmit infections. Pathogens transmission is prevented through proper handling of the linen and the proper laundering of contaminated linen that helps in the protection of both the staff and the patient (Tomczyk et al. 2022).
Fresh and clean linen provide a high level of cleanliness and infection control measures are put into consideration. Laundering removes germs from fabric, prevents this process, basis of infection, avoids contamination and keeps the environment clean.
2. What are the common areas that need to be cleaned at the work place include routine environment and equipment cleaning?
The common areas are surfaces, bathrooms, floors, equipment, medical tools and high-touch areas that require routine cleaning for preventing infections.
3. What equipments could be used for cleaning general surfaces?
Mop is the significant equipment which will be used for cleaning the surfaces effectively.
4. Explain what ‘terminal cleaning’ means.
Terminal cleaning is a disinfection process that is performed after any patient leaves to ensure that the entire area is sanitized fully (Tomczyk et al. 2022).
5. What does ‘reprocessing’ of reusable equipment or instruments mean?
Reprocessing of reusable equipment or instruments means disinfecting, sterilizing and cleaning to ensure that they are safe for any use.
6. In the context of reprocessing, explain what critical equipment means and provide examples.
Critical equipment mainly signifies the items which contact sterile tissues, for example needles, scalpels and surgical instruments.
7. In the context of reprocessing, explain what semi-critical equipment means and provide examples.
In the context of reprocessing, “semi-critical” equipment is the item which contacts mucous membranes or any “non-intact” skin and needs disinfection and the examples are endoscopes and thermometers (Volgenant et al. 2021).
8. In the context of reprocessing, explain what non- critical equipment means and provide examples.
“Non-critical” equipment mainly contacts the intact skin only and some examples are cuffs of blood pressure, environmental surfaces and stethoscopes.
9. Explain the procedure that should be followed for handling and disposing of sharps.
For handling sharps with care, “puncture-resistant” gloves should be used, and then dispose of them in the sharp containers immediately and at last seal the container before any disposal.
10. Describe what general waste is and how it should be disposed.
General waste is mainly non-hazardous like the everyday items paper, and food scraps. Disposing it in waste bins for the collection regularly (Volgenant et al. 2021).
11. Describe what is contaminated waste is and list five examples.
Contaminated waste mainly contains pathogens and hazardous substances. Examples are:
● Body fluids
● Contaminated gloves
● Contaminated dressings
● Used syringes and needles
● Bandages that are blood-soaked
12. Explain the general steps for disposing of contaminated waste. Example-safe disposal of PPE after use.
For disposing contaminated waste are:
● Disposing contaminated waste in biohazard bins accurately.
● Ensuring the container has been sealed properly for preventing leakages.
● Labeling the container with hazard warnings (Fennelly, 2020).
● Follow facility guidelines for disposal and collection by any authorized services.
● Removing and disposing of PPE for protocols of infection control.
13. Provide two examples of different contaminated waste bins and their appearance/ colour and purpose.
Yellow Biohazard Bin: For catching/collecting infected wastes, for instance contaminated gloves or any other products. The yellow bin is usually yellow and paints a biohazard sign on it (Fennelly, 2020).
Red Sharps Container: Meant for handling many used needles, blades, and any sharp item that needs to be discarded. They are red in color and have reinforced material on them to avoid causing or from being used to cause injuries (Zhou et al. 2020).
Identify and respond to situations where transmission-based precautions or enhanced cleaning is required.
1. Explain transmission based precautions/ additional precautions including enhanced cleaning with examples.
Transmission-based precautions incorporate extra procedures to avoid the spread of infection. Wearing gloves and gowns is one of the contact precautions used for touch-transmitted illnesses like MRSA (Plachouras et al., 2023). Airborne precautions are necessary for illnesses that are spread via the air as TB. That requires negative pressure rooms and N95 masks. Enhanced cleaning entails higher standards for high-touch surfaces during outbreaks. Disinfectants are used in this process.
2. Watch the video related to protecting yourself from COVID 19 and write what are some additional precautions taken to control the risk of transmission.
Wearing masks in crowded or confined areas is one of the additional precautions taken to minimise the spread of COVID-19 (Watts et al., 2020). That includes keeping physical distance and using hand sanitiser. It also makes sure that interior spaces have enough ventilation. It's also essential to follow local health regulations and to clean and disinfect high-touch areas more deeply.
Identify, respond to and communicate potential or actual risk of, or breach in, infection control.
1. Explain the difference between risks and hazards?
A risk is the possibility that a danger may cause harm. The hazard is a possible source of damage. Managing hazards helps to decrease related risks.
Assess the risk and take appropriate immediate action in accordance with industry and organisational guidelines.
1. Identify three infection risks/hazards that are associated with your work role and setting.
Risk /hazard 1: Touching any contaminated feelings’ surface or use of any contaminated piece
of equipment (Dalton et al. 2020).
Risk/Hazard 2: Mobility and transport of sharps such as needles, broken glass and the lancets.
Risk/Hazard 3: Touching pathogenic secretions such as blood, vomit and the urine.
2. For each of the three hazards, indicate the likelihood and severity of harm (using the risk assessment diagram below)
As per the risk assessment diagram, there are three hazards in terms of likelihood and severity of harm.
Hazard 1: Touching any contaminated surfaces or equipment
Likelihood: Likely (M)
Severity: Major (H)
Risk Level: High (H)
Hazard 2: Mobility and transport of sharps (needles, broken glass, lancets)
Likelihood: Possible (L)
Severity: Major (H)
Risk Level: Medium (M)
Hazard 3: Touching pathogenic secretions (blood, vomit, urine)
Likelihood: Almost certain (M)
Severity: Severe (VH)
Risk Level: Very High (VH)
3. For each of these risks identify one control measure that will minimise this risk.
Control measures 1: Make sure to routinely clean surfaces and equipment and use personal protective equipment as gloves.
Control measures 2: Always ensure that the right handling protocols are followed and that sharps are disposed of in containers that are resistant to punctures.
Control measures 3: Use protective gloves and masks as handling body fluids also follow stringent hand hygiene procedures.
4. Briefly explain the main ways in which these pathogens can spread.
1. Droplet and airborne germs: Spread through breathing droplets from coughs or talking.
2. Touching contaminated surfaces or objects: Contaminated surfaces may spread pathogens to hands. That can subsequently go to the mouth or eyes.
3. Touching skin to skin: Pathogens may be transferred directly from sick skin to healthy skin.
4. Contact with body fluids: Cuts or mucous membranes can allow pathogens found in bodily fluids.
Communicate any breach in infection control and risk management strategies in place to the supervisor, manager or responsible authority and seek advice on actions required following a breach in infection control.
1. Describe the process you need to follow if there is a breach in infection control. List the steps and who this needs to be reported and recorded, for one example of a breach.
A. Scenario of the breach:
Blood exposure as a result of a glove rip sustained as providing patient care.
B. Steps you must take within scope of own role.
Immediate Action: Remove contaminated gloves, wash hands with soap and water.
Assess Risk: Evaluate the potential exposure risk.
Apply First Aid: If needed, provide first aid to any affected areas.
Document: Record details of the breach and actions taken.
C. Who does this get reported to and explain the procedure?
Report: Inform supervisor and fill out an incident report.
Procedure: Follow organizational guidelines for documentation and further investigation.
Implement control measures to minimise contamination of people, materials and equipment.
1. Explain clean and contaminated zone provide two examples of each?
Clean Zone: Used for sterile or disinfected items.
Examples: Sterile surgical instruments, medications.
Contaminated Zone: For used or contaminated items.
Examples: Used surgical instruments, soiled linen.
2. Explain what is asepsis and what is the aim of aseptic technique
Definition: Asepsis means being free from harmful microorganisms.
Aim of Aseptic Technique: To ensure that environments and methods are pathogen-free in order to eliminate germs and avoid infection during invasive treatments. This entails cleaning and sterilising thoroughly as utilising personal protection equipment and good hand hygiene.
Follow processes for management of spills and exposure to blood or body fluids.
1. Explain the procedure you should follow for managing a blood or bodily spill?
To manage a blood or bodily fluid spill:
● Clean up the spill immediately.
● Use signage to indicate the spill if required.
● Wear relevant PPE, such as gloves.
● Use an absorbent paper towel to wipe up the spill.
● Clean the area with detergent.
● Mop the area once cleaned.
● Dispose of the paper towel in clinical waste.
● Clean and dry the mop.
Document incidents and responses and report according to organisational policies and procedures.
1. List the six parties to whom you may need to report infection control risks and incidents when working in community services. For each one, explain why it would be important.
Supervisor: Ensures immediate response and corrective action.
General Practitioner: Provides medical evaluation and treatment for affected individuals.
Healthcare Professional: Offers specialized care and guidance on infection management.
Carer: Informs necessary precautions and care adjustments.
Responsible Authority: Complies with legal reporting requirements and public health monitoring.
Person Responsible for the Client: Ensures the client's safety and appropriate care measures.
Ensure all records, materials and equipment are stored in a designated clean area.
1. Explain your understanding of the importance of reporting and documentation in Health Care as required by Law. Include an example of the storage in a designated clean area.
Reporting and documentation are very important in healthcare: first, for legal security; second, for quality improvement in treatment. Clearness in the records of patient contacts and any happenings are given via prompt and accurate recording (Dalglish et al., 2020).
This ensures legal protection because it may be used as proof in court or investigations. The records also help in continuity of care by having thorough records (Gates et al., 2022). It allows all medical professionals to have access to current information about a patient's condition and any previous medical history.
For instance, storing medical records should be done in a controlled atmosphere in a clean location set apart for storing them. This kind of documentation should not undergo contamination and assurance of confidentiality (Sjöberg et al., 2021).
Records should only be accessed by authorised individuals and preserved in locked cabinets or secure computer systems. This procedure meets with legal standards for data protection as protecting sensitive information.
2. Explain your understanding related to documentation of potential risk.
Proactive risk management and enhancing healthcare safety depend on the documentation of possible hazards. A risk's nature and the circumstances surrounding its observation must all be properly documented as soon as it is recognized (Dalglish et al., 2020).
It provides easier comparison and ranking of risks, plus the ability to monitor how the controls are being put in place. It also facilitates adherence to legal and regulatory requirements by providing an audit trail of risk management activities.
For example, documentation should contain information regarding the observed behaviour as healthcare institution discovers a possible risk as poor hand hygiene procedure (Bates et al., 2023).
The potential implications of failing to address the risk and any urgent steps taken to correct the problem. This contributes to overall safety and compliance by ensuring that the proper measures are constantly implemented and assessed.
3 What are incidents in Health Care?
Healthcare incidents refer to unexpected or inadvertent occurrences or situations. That has the potential to cause damage to patients or healthcare workers. These might be small-scale errors or big occurrences that have an impact on patient safety and the standard of treatment.
B. Provide one example of organisational policies and procedures for managing exposure to infection risk?
The instance of organisational policies and procedures aimed at controlling the risk of infection is the application of standard precautions. That includes hand hygiene, personal protective equipment and prompt reporting and documentation of exposure incidents. That could ensure appropriate and timely medical evaluation and intervention.
C. What information do you need to include in recording and documenting that risks/ incidents
The following details should be included as reporting risks and incidents:
Time and Date: When the incident occurred.
Location: Where the incident took place.
Individuals Involved: Names and roles of those involved or affected.
Description: Detailed account of the incident.
Contributing Factors: Any factors that may have contributed to the incident.
Immediate Actions Taken: Steps taken immediately after the incident.
Follow-up Measures: Actions planned or taken to prevent recurrence.
Recommendations: Suggestions for improvement or changes in procedures.
Reviewer: Name of the manager or supervisor who reviewed the incident.
D. What is your role regarding reporting risks and incidents
Role Regarding Reporting Risks and Incidents
● Recognize and assess potential risks and incidents as they occur.
● Accurately record details of the risk or incident, including the time, location, and contributing factors.
● Notify your supervisor and other relevant personnel according to your organization's protocols.
1. Mr George Smith requires assistance with his personal care including oral care, shower, dressing, undressing, grooming and feeding. He has incontinence of urine and uses incontinence pads that require to be changed every 3 hours or as required earlier. George also uses a walking stick for mobility.
A. What hand hygiene procedures would you perform and when?
Prior to and after all personal hygiene procedures as changing incontinence pads, contacting contaminated items, and frequently maintaining cleanliness and avoid cross-contamination.
B. Identify which PPE you would select to wear and any additional precautions you would take.
Always wear gloves for all personal care procedures. Apron/gown specifically for procedures involving incontinence pads (Bates et al., 2023). Add mask and eye protection if there is a risk of splashing. Ensure correct disposal of PPE after use.
C. Identify the clean and contaminated zones and what cleaning procedures would you follow.
Designate clean zones for personal care items and contaminated zones for used incontinence pads (Kalantary et al., 2020). After regular intervals, disinfect the surfaces, get rid of all objects contaminated by body secretions, and clean high-touch surfaces more often.
D. What waste management procedures would you follow.
Dispose of incontinence pads in appropriate clinical waste bins, seal and label correctly, and subject to local arrangements for disposal and hygiene (Dalglish et al., 2020). Use color-coded bags for various categories of waste.
E. What documentation and reporting procedures would you follow?
Document the care performed, any incontinence pad changes with time and condition of pad, report incidents or changes in George's condition, and follow-up with accurate timely records in keeping with facility protocols.
2. Mr George Smith has started coughing. He has had a covid test and the results are negative. The doctor has reviewed Mr George and has started him on antibiotics.
A. What hand hygiene procedures would you perform and when?
Hand hygiene should be practiced before and after helping George with before and after giving medications, handling possibly infected surfaces or objects, and coming into contact with respiratory secretions.
B. Identify which PPE you would select to wear and any additional precautions you would take.
Handle prescriptions and perform care duties while wearing gloves and eye protection (Fatema & Barai, 2020). There's a chance to spills or coming into touch with body fluids, so wear an apron or gown.
C. Identify the clean and contaminated zones and what cleaning procedures would you follow.
Assign spaces for polluted goods and keep personal hygiene products in clean zones. Clean equipment and surfaces on a regular basis (Hu et al., 2020). There need to be careful with regularly handled regions and surfaces that come into contact with respiratory secretions.
D. What waste management procedures would you follow.
Tissues and masks should be disposed away in the appropriate clinical waste containers. Utilise trash bags that are color-coded, and adhere to local regulations for the appropriate disposal and cleanliness of waste.
E. What documentation and reporting procedures would you follow?
Maintain correct and timely entries in George's medical records in accordance with facility procedures. There need to record all care tasks completed as note any changes in George's health or symptoms.
After his lunch Mr George Smith had a nap and when he woke up he tried to get out of the bed and lost balance and had a fall.
You were entering his room when this incident happened and you noticed that he has a skin tear on his left arm which was covered in blood.
You were entering his room when this incident happened and you noticed that he has a skin tear on his left arm which was covered in blood.
A. What hand hygiene procedures would you perform and when?
Hand Hygiene Procedures:
● Before concern to George's injuries, wash my hands right away.
● After administering first aid and handling any blood or body fluids, wash my hands.
● After taking off gloves and any other protective gear, wash my hands again.
B. Identify which PPE you would select to wear and any additional precautions you would take.
PPE Selection and Additional Precautions
● Putting on gloves to avoid coming into contact with blood.
● Use a mask and eye protection to avoid splashing.
● Wear an apron or robe to protect your clothes from blood stains.
C. Identify the clean and contaminated zones and what cleaning procedures would you follow.
Hygienic and Polluted Areas and Methods of Cleaning
● Maintain first aid and dressing items in a clean area.
● Declare the vicinity around George's wound to be polluted.
● The floor and bed should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after coming into touch with blood.
D. What waste management procedures would you follow.
Waste Management Techniques
● Dressings and gloves saturated in blood should be disposed away in special clinical waste containers.
● Contaminated garbage should be placed in color-coded bags and tightly sealed.
● Observe the facility's instructions for managing and getting rid of clinical waste.
E. What documentation and reporting procedures would you follow?
Procedures for Reporting and Documentation
● Note all the specifics of the occurrence as the time and kind of fall that caused George.
● Keep a record of George's injuries and the first assistance that was given.
● Make sure the occurrence is recorded in the facility's incident management system and report it to my supervisor.
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