TASK

CHCLEG001-WORK LEGALLY AND ETHICALLY

Activity 1A

Match the correct answer for the legal requirements you need to consider.
1. Children in the workplace
e. Child protection and guardianship legislation
2. Code of conduct
a. Rights and responsibilities of workers, employers and customers
3. Codes of practise/ practise standards
f. Code of professional conduct for nurses in Australia
4. Complaints management
c. Following specific legislation, policies and procedures in areas of work
5. Continuing professional education/development
b. To maintain, improve and broaden the knowledge, experience, compliance and to develop personal and professional qualities
6. Sources of information about legal requirements
d. Government websites www.health.gov.au, www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au, www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, www.ahpra.gov.au

2. Research and write on, what is the Fair Work Act and National Employment Standards (NES)?

The primary component of legislation in Australia managing workplace relations is the Fair Work Act 2009. It seeks to provide a fair foundation for positive working relationships as advancing social inclusion and economic development on a national level (Campbell & Charlesworth, 2020). The Act establishes terms and conditions of employment and obligations of employers and organisations. This employs the Fair Work Commission and the Fair Work Ombudsman to enforce compliance.

The Fair Work Act's National Employment Standards (NES) include 11 basic employment rights that have to be provided to all employees. These are an essential part of the legislation as the basis of employers. These requirements protect things like the maximum number of hours per week, requests for flexible work schedules, parental leave, yearly leave, personal/carer's leave, community service leave, long service leave, public holidays, notice of termination and redundancy pay, fair work information statements, and casual conversion (Munton et al., 2021). The National Employment Standards ensure that all Australian workers are treated fairly and consistently. It protects their rights and encourages fair work practices. They have to adhere to these guidelines regardless of the sector or size of their organisation.

Activity 1B

1. What are the key statutory and regulatory requirements relevant to a health care worker?
Important legal and regulatory obligations that apply to healthcare professionals include:
    Aged Care Standards: The regulations ensure that every setting provides high-quality care for seniors.
    Guardianship and child protection laws: These laws are intended to protect children from abuse also ensure their well-being.
    Disability Standards: Equitable care and readily navigable policies for people with disabilities (Cometto et al., 2020).
    Discrimination and Harassment: These regulations prohibit workplace discrimination and harassment (Cometto et al., 2020; 2023).
    Equality Employment Opportunity: Fairness in hiring and employment procedures.
    Health Records Laws: Managing and Safeguarding Patient Health Data.
    Mental Health Laws: Legislation pertaining to mental health services and patient rights.
    Benefits of Pharmaceuticals: Regulations governing the prescription and dispensing of medications.
    Poisons and Therapeutics: Taking precautions as managing and administering medication.
    Privacy Legislation: Protecting personal information of patients and employees (Sheikh et al., 2021).
    Public Health: Ensuring public health safety and standards.
    Registration and Practice of Health Professionals: Legal requirements for health professional credentials and practices.
    Workplace Health and Safety (WHS): Ensuring safe and healthy working conditions for staff and patients.

Activity 1C

1. Explain the following legal requirements in work practice to meet duty of care according to work place policies and procedures and scope of roles/work role boundaries, responsibilities and limitations.
Informed consent / Seek consumer's agreement
A fundamental ethical and legal requirement for the provision of healthcare is informed consent. That ensures patients are fully informed about and consent to the operations and treatments they will receive. Healthcare providers have a duty of care to fully disclose the advantages and possible risks of each recommended activity or treatment (Pickering, 2021). Clients may make informed decisions regarding their care because of this openness. Information should be presented in a way that is easy to grasp as taking the client's language and cognitive skills into account.
The process of obtaining informed consent is continuous rather than a one-time occurrence. Healthcare providers are required to confirm that the patient or legal guardian has read the material and willingly accepted the recommended course of treatment. Significant operations often need a written agreement. However, less intrusive activities may just need verbal approval. The proper documentation of the consent procedure is required in each circumstance.
Healthcare professionals are required to get approval from legally appointed representatives. The patient is incapable of providing informed consent because of unconsciousness or cognitive impairment (Rivas Velarde et al., 2021). Healthcare providers also have a need to respect patients' ability to revoke permission at any moment. That protects patients' autonomy and preferences throughout their treatment. The confidence between patients and healthcare practitioners may be jeopardised and legal consequences may result from improper consent.
Privacy, confidentiality and disclosure
Protecting patient information is a legal and ethical need for privacy and confidentiality in the healthcare industry. Privacy implies protecting a client's personal space and autonomy. That enables them to feel safe and dignified while receiving treatment. This entails preventing needless exposure or interference and offering private spaces for consultations and private activities. Maintaining confidentiality entails protecting any data pertaining to a patient's condition and personal information (Bani Issa et al., 2020). Healthcare professionals are required to make sure that such information remains private and only available as someone is directly engaged in the patient's treatment. This obligation covers records that are stored electronically also on paper. Encrypted digital records and cautious document handling are all necessary to maintain secrecy.
Client information may only be disclosed under certain conditions. This includes the client's agreement or in cases when concealing information may cause considerable damage. Healthcare workers may be required to provide information to authorities in circumstances of suspected abuse or to other medical professionals engaged in the client's treatment (Snelling & Quick, 2022). Workplace regulations and processes ensure all employees get privacy and confidentiality training. This should explicitly define the bounds and restrictions on handling client information. Maintaining confidence and upholding the moral and legal standards of care need regular audits and compliance monitoring with these rules. Legal action and bad publicity to the healthcare practitioner are all possible outcomes of confidentiality breaches.
Activity 1D
1. Give FIVE examples of potential or actual breaches in the health Care industry.
Maintaining legal and ethical standards in healthcare is vital to patient safety and confidence. The following list contains five examples of possible or actual breaches in the healthcare industry:
Unauthorised Access to Patient Records:
Potential Breach: A healthcare professional accesses patient data without a valid reason pertaining to their position.
Actual Breach: Patient confidentiality is placed at risk as a staff member reads or discloses patient information to uninvited parties (Seh et al., 2020).
Medication Mistakes:
Potential Breach: Not accurately recording a patient's prescription dose in their health record.
Actual Breach: Administering the improper drug or dose might cause injury or bad effects.
Neglecting Duty of Care:
Potential Breach: It is the failure to periodically check on patients due to a high risk of them falling or other consequences (Almulihi et al., 2022).
Actual Breach: Serious bedsores develop because of long lengths of time the patient spends without being turned.     That is indicative of a failure to provide the required care.
Breach of Confidentiality:
Potential Breach: Discussing a patient's condition in public where others may overhear.
Actual breach: Posting patient information on social media or discussing it with friends or relatives (Almulihi et al., 2022).
Informed Consent Violations:
Potential Breach: Not giving a patient an extensive overview of the advantages and risks of a treatment before getting their permission.
Actual Breach: Infringing a patient's autonomy and legal rights by performing a medical operation on them without first getting their informed permission.
2. If you recognise a breach of legal requirement, what should you do?
I became aware of a legal requirement violation in my capacity as a healthcare professional. I would take prompt action to conduct a complete assessment of the matter. I would take great care to record all relevant information about the breach. I also make sure to include details like the date and location of the incident and any supporting documentation for my findings. This paperwork is essential for accuracy also clarity. That could ensure that all pertinent information is communicated.
I would next follow our established reporting procedures to the letter and notify my supervisor or my organization's authorised compliance officer of the incident. It is essential to keep everything private throughout this process. This could maintain the integrity of the inquiry and everyone's right to privacy. I would gladly participate in the inquiry also offering any further data or supporting documentation that might help to resolve the matter. Supporting the investigation process is essential for ensuring a complete analysis of the breach. I would monitor the investigation's progress and findings to make sure the right actions are taken to resolve the breach and stop it from happening again. I fulfil my responsibility to preserve the moral and legal norms of healthcare practice. It helps to provide a secure and law-abiding workplace for all parties concerned.
Case Study 1-Recognising breach and reporting
Jen, a support worker, is being harassed by a male senior staff member, John. He constantly mocks her because she is overweight. Jen works with John on a daily basis and he constantly make jokes. and comments about the quality of her work. He also mocks her when she has to do any physical tasks-saying she will probably have a heart attack because she is so fat. When an opportunity to take on a project comes up John tells Jen that she should not attempt to apply for it because she wouldn't be fit enough to do the job.
3. What legislation and policies are being breached?
John's treatment of Jen is against many laws and workplace regulations. The harassment is based on Jen's weight. That is protected under equality and anti-discrimination laws. It breaches anti-discrimination regulations. Moreover, it violates company standards about bullying and polite behaviour. This compromised Jen's right to a secure and encouraging work environment.
4. Describe an effective complaints management process that Jen could follow if she wanted to formally lodge a complaint. (Provide a step-by-step process.)
A Process for Managing Complaints Effectively:
Documentation: Jen has maintained documentation of every harassment incident. That includes the dates, times, and words said by John.
Internal Reporting: Send a written report about the harassment to the HR division or her direct supervisor. Provide a clear description of the intended result (such as the end of harassment or disciplinary action) together with any supporting documentation.
Investigation: A quick inquiry should be carried out by the organisation. Jen needs to assist as much as possible, offering any further details or witness accounts.
The outcome: She has to be made aware of the conclusions of the inquiry and any further steps. She has the option to escalate the complaint or file an appeal with higher management or an outside agency.
Follow-up: After the issue has been resolved, there need to ensure that steps are taken to avoid retribution and keep an eye out for future incidents. Jen needs assistance all along the way to lessen any negative consequences.
Activity 2A
1. What is the Code of Ethics?
The concepts and behaviour standards required in a profession are outlined in the Code of Ethics. It directs moral behaviour and professional accountability. That ensures practitioners fulfil their moral duties and preserve public confidence.
2. Explain the role of human rights and self-determination/dignity of risk in the origin of ethical standards
Human rights emphasise the respect and preservation of individual freedoms and choices. This recognises the inherent dignity and autonomy of people and impacts ethical norms. Self-determination and risk dignity protect people's rights to make informed decisions by balancing safety concerns with autonomy.
Activity 2B
1. Part of your ethical responsibility is to ensure the protection of consumers' rights, list any seven rights of your consumer?
There need for ethical behaviour to ensure the preservation of customers' rights. The following seven rights are available to consumers:
    Customers are entitled to services and goods that are risk-free and do not endanger their health or welfare.
    Customers are entitled to the privacy and confidentiality of their personal data. Financial data and any other sensitive information fall under this category.
    They are entitled to accurate and lucid information on the prices and advantages of the services or products being provided.
    Consumers have the right, but also consumers have to be given choice and autonomy to decide based on their needs or preference in making informed choices about their care or purchases.
    A consumer's fundamental right is entitled to have access to essential products or services in time without any obstacle.
    Customers have the right to be treated based on their cultural background and with respect. This means that one has to give them an ear and respect their beliefs and interests as well.
    Consumers have the right to complain and to a timely resolution since consumers are not satisfied with the services or goods they have been offered. This constitutes the ability to access a working procedure for managing complaints.
2. What are values, attitudes and stereotypes?
Values are those deeply rooted views or concepts that most often influence the acts and decisions of human beings (Stewart et al., 2021). They have been moulded by experiences of life, culture, and upbringing. All these factors come to affect what people value in their lives.
Attitudes are personal evaluations or beliefs an individual has towards other people, things, or ideas. They may function in ways that are helpful or harmful to how people cope with situations or approach others.
Stereotypes are particular beliefs that demean a particular group of people (Ramasubramanian et al., 2020). They may lead to prejudiced attitudes or discriminatory behaviour because they usually show no respect for individual differences.
3. How can you be culturally sensitive?
I must approach conversations with openness and respect for people from different cultural backgrounds as I want to be considered culturally sensitive. I try to educate myself about other cultures and beliefs in order to avoid making quick judgements based on preconceptions. My goal is to communicate successfully by being aware of nonverbal signs and modifying my communication style as required. It's important to acknowledge the variety that enhances our relationships. I help to create inclusive environments where people feel understood and appreciated regardless of their cultural background. I appreciate cultural diversity and treat everyone with decency and respect.
Activity 2C
1. State FIVE examples of Ethical issues and dilemmas that may arise in the work place
Diverse work environments might give rise to ethical concerns and quandaries. Here are five examples:
    A conflict of interest arises as personal relationships or interests get in the way of one's ability to perform professionally (Haahr et al., 2020). An example of this would be choosing a supplier or customer based more on personal ties than on objective criteria.
    Confidentiality is the balance between the desire to preserve sensitive information and the responsibility to provide necessary facts for patient care or legal obligations (Sultana et al., 2020).
    There need to respect patient autonomy to ensure informed consent. The proper example as patients are unable to make decisions owing to age or cultural views (Sperling, 2021).
    Malpractice is the term for circumstances in which the application of professional standards of care is not followed. This could possibly threaten patients or consumers.
    Handling cases of bullying or harassment among co-workers leads to unpleasant work conditions.
Activity 2D
1. For the examples identified in 2C, what will be the appropriate action that can be taken?
This is necessary to take the proper steps as addressing ethical concerns in the workplace. That ensures that ethical standards are respected and possible conundrums are successfully managed. The following steps correspond to each example that was found:
    Inform the appropriate parties about the conflict and abstain from participating in decision-making processes as one's personal interests could collide with one's obligations as a professional (Haahr et al., 2020).
    Avoid spending work time on personal duties and give priority to doing work-related tasks within the allotted time slots.
    Acknowledging and giving credit to those as contributed to the work is a sign of respect. Promote an environment of responsibility and acknowledgement among the team members (Sperling, 2021).
    Harassment of coworkers or customers should be reported to HR or management promptly (Sultana et al., 2020). Assist the impacted parties and make sure a comprehensive investigation and suitable disciplinary measures are implemented.
    Disclose any connections that could give rise to conflicts of interest or risk integrity as a professional. Maintaining professional boundaries in these kinds of interactions requires adherence to organisational rules.
Activity 2E
1. List, what are you own personal values and attitudes regarding the ethical issues and dilemmas. Consider your own experiences.
Integrity and honesty are the two things I value most in my position at work. It is imperative that I maintain transparency and accountability with regard to possible conflicts of interest. I think it's extremely important to give credit where it is needed for employees. That makes sure all team members are treated fairly and equally for all their work. I do not tolerate any form of harassment and am in favour of a respectful workplace where everyone feels safe and protected. I understand the importance of it is to maintain professionalism as developing interpersonal interactions at work. I stay away from it unless it threatens fairness or impartiality. I have found that following procedures and keeping the communication channel open is part of the solution to ethical dilemmas. I try to deal with these issues with understanding and preparedness in listening to others' views.
2. What are the advantages of working with your clients/consumers in a non-judgemental way?
This shall be important when working with clients in a non-judgmental way because it allows respect and safety in the atmosphere. I approach the customer in a manner that he is not prejudged or not judged. That will help to create an atmosphere of honest, open discussion. Their openness helps me to comprehend their distinct viewpoints and objectives. I can concentrate on giving them the best possible assistance and direction that is suited to their particular needs. This strategy develops rapport and trust as essential to producing favourable results and advancing the empowerment and well-being of the client.
3. What is unlawful workplace discrimination?
The term "Unlawful workplace discrimination" describes as someone being treated unjustly or negatively in their position because of certain traits. These traits usually include genetic information, race, colour, national origin, sex, pregnancy, age, handicap, religion, and any other trait. It is unlawful because it perpetuates unfair treatment and inequality by denying people equal chances at work based on criteria unrelated to their credentials or performance on the job. It is legally required for employers to stop and deal with prejudice in all facets of the workplace.
Activity 2F
1. What Steps can you take for effective problem solving regarding any ethical decision that is competing with your value system and causing confusion / dilemma?
I use an organised approach to solve problems as I am presented with ethical decisions that go against my principles and leave me confused or in a difficult situation:
    Compile all relevant information and viewpoints in order to completely comprehend the ethical dilemma.
    Assess professional standards of conduct and applicable laws.
    Discuss the difficulty with trustworthy co-workers or mentors to acquire a variety of viewpoints and ideas.
    Outline possible options and think about the moral ramifications and possible outcomes of each.
    Provide clients' safety and well-being first priority while still respecting their rights and autonomy. 
    Implement the selected course of action and adjust as needed. The decision-making process and consequences should be documented for accountability and future reference.
    Analyse the event to comprehend how individual ideals impacted the choice. Acquire new things constantly and adjust to enhance my ability to make moral decisions in the future.
Activity 2G
1. What is unethical conduct? Give three examples.
The term "unethical conduct" describes actions that deviate from recognised moral and professional norms. Here are three examples:
    Discrimination arises as someone or a group is treated unjustly because of their race, gender, religion, or handicap.
    Infringing against private rights and professional norms by disclosing or exploiting confidential information without the required authority.
    A person's personal interests might influence one's professional opinion and threaten impartiality or integrity.
2. Explain whom and how you should report unethical conduct
My first course of action in the event of unethical behaviour at work would be to thoroughly record the occurrence. I would next bring the situation to the attention of my manager or immediate supervisor. I would bring up the matter with the Human Resources division or the appropriate ethics committee as I felt uneasy reporting to them. Maintaining documentation and adhering to organisational protocols are essential for accountability and transparency.
Activity 2H
1. Define a conflict of interest and give three examples.
A conflict of interest arises as a person or organisation has many financial or non-financial interests and pursuing one might mean compromising another (Lajmi et al., 2022).
Conflicts of Interest Examples:
    Making decisions in a work environment that give preference to a close friend or family member above others.
    Being engaged in a business decision where the result may have an impact on personal finances.
    Acting in positions of conflicting responsibilities. For example, acting as both the supplier and the buyer in the very same deal.
2. Explain how a conflict of interest can be managed?
Several essential strategies may be used to handle a conflict of interest successfully. It's essential to be transparent; tell pertinent parties upfront about any possible conflicts (Folger et al., 2021). There need to create explicit rules and guidelines that specify appropriate conduct and dispute resolution processes within the company. It is need to place policies into place like stepping away from decision-making processes or getting outside counsel as disagreements emerge (Kilag et al., 2024). Frequent awareness and training campaigns can help workers in identifying and resolving problems. Organisations may successfully reduce the dangers related to conflicts of interest by encouraging ethical behaviour and abiding by established rules.
Activity 3A
1. Give an example of how work practices can be improved?
Example of How Work Practices Can Be Improved:
    Identify recurrent ethical or legal dilemmas in patient care or business practices.
    Suggest to create a uniform patient discharge checklist that makes sure the required support networks are set up before the patient's release.
    Make staff training on identifying post-discharge indicators of patient vulnerability obligatory.
    Assess patient outcomes after discharge regularly to determine the efficiency of the new checklist and training.
2. State the importance of proactively sharing feedback with colleagues and supervisors.
Importance of Proactively Sharing Feedback:
    Feedback creates a culture as suggestions for improvement are openly debated and implemented in practice.
    Opinion sharing promotes open discussion among team members.
    Accountability is ensured via regular feedback meetings. That fosters an open culture by holding everyone responsible for their choices and actions.
    Individuals may find opportunities for personal and professional growth with the assistance of colleagues and supervisors.
Project 1
Research and write an overview of "The Australian Legal System"
The Australian legal system is distinguished by a combination of common law concepts inherited from its British beginnings and distinctive legislative frameworks adapted to its federal structure (Stewart, 2023). Australia is a constitutional republic with judicial and legislative institutions operating under separate sovereign authorities. 
The High Court of Australia is the ultimate arbitrator on constitutional issues and interstate conflicts. The court interprets and upholds the laws passed by Parliament at the federal level. All territories and states maintain their own legal system as including courts with different authorities and competencies.
The Australian legal system is guided by concepts of justice and fairness as well as the rule of law. That ensures equality before the law. It places a strong emphasis on defending civil freedoms as the ability to hire counsel and the right to a fair trial (Arnold & Fletcher, 2023). The system is always developing via legislation and legal changes to address society's changing requirements as maintaining core rights and obligations.
Project 2
Task-To Research and Provide an overview of the following:
a. What are professional boundaries?
Professional boundaries refer to the regulations or restrictions that delineate the professional-client relationship (Gifford et al., 2022). That ensures exchanges stay morally sound and centred on the client's welfare instead of individual objectives.
b. Privacy and confidentiality
Confidentiality is the process of keeping sensitive information disclosed by clients or customers safe and secret. Privacy is the right of people to manage access to their personal data.
c. What is duty of care?
The duty of care is a legal duty that compels professionals to behave in their clients' or customers' best interests by prioritising their safety and rights.
d. What is a will and power of attorney?
A will is a legal document that specifies the distribution of a deceased person's property and assets (Wesna et al., 2023). A power of attorney gives someone the ability to act as another person's representative in court.
e. What is guardianship in relation to health care?
Healthcare guardianship enables someone to make choices about a person's medical treatment on behalf of someone incapable of doing so for themselves.
f. Mandatory Reporting
Mandatory reporting compels professionals to report suspected incidents of abuse or injury to vulnerable people as prescribed by law (Christensen et al., 2021).
8. Enduring Guardianship Complaints management
Enduring guardianship is a legal arrangement that appoints a person to make decisions on a person's health and medical care as they are no longer able to do so for themselves.
h. What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a worldwide norm for equality and human dignity (Spano, 2021). That provides an overview of essential rights such as the rights to life, liberty, and security.
i. What is meant by 'human needs'? What are the basic needs? (Refer to 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) 
The term "human needs" refers to the need for human welfare. These requirements are categorised by Maslow's Hierarchy into five categories: safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization, and physiological (basic necessities like food and shelter).
j. Provide three examples of how you would protect client or customer information.
Protecting customer or client information:
    Use strong passwords and encryption to protect electronic data.
    Utilise secured cabinets and restrict access to physical files.
    Prior to disclosing any sensitive information, get express permission.
k. Give 3 examples of legal issues and applicable laws within the context of work role?
Legal issues and relevant legislation:
    Anti-discrimination legislation as the Equal Opportunity Act, governs discriminatory practices.
    Workplace safety is governed by legislation pertaining to work health and safety.
    Contractual disputes are handled in accordance with the regulations of contract law.
l. Where would you access information related to work health and safety?
Information on work health and safety may be acquired via industry-specific guidelines or government authorities such as Safe Work Australia that meet national requirements.

References

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